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Photoluminescence (PL) signal of a material provides information on the chemical composition, energy bandgap, recombination, and defects . During the crystallization and film formation of perovskite or organic materials, in-situ PL provides direct information on the optoelectronic properties of the out-of-equilibrium phase, and helps in understanding crystallization and film formation kinetics. It helps to bring insight into developing novel high performance materials.
Crystallization and film formation dynamics
In-situ Photoluminescence (PL)
![微信图片_20220823145854.jpg](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c36378_14c3f1d02a2b4bac8d38ea2ceaeefc7a~mv2.jpg/v1/crop/x_28,y_0,w_981,h_538/fill/w_397,h_214,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87_20220823145854.jpg)
![Graph2.tif](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c36378_2011aa74b5c34e37ad6c4a7641e97389~mv2.png/v1/crop/x_11,y_168,w_2835,h_2326/fill/w_264,h_214,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/Graph2_tif.png)
![Graph21.tif](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c36378_a85f3995337b42c6bf55f57471ea27bf~mv2.png/v1/crop/x_0,y_213,w_3031,h_2360/fill/w_282,h_214,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/Graph21_tif.png)
Degradation: Evolution of defects
Sensitive External Quantum Efficiency (S-EQE)
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![0aa36c24-e710-4a75-a485-bd12361e54bf.PNG](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c36378_f78f3393b3414ed2be9dc9d8b377dd61~mv2.png/v1/crop/x_387,y_341,w_1213,h_573/fill/w_316,h_149,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/0aa36c24-e710-4a75-a485-bd12361e54bf_PNG.png)
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We have developed a highly sensitive external in-situ quantum efficiency (s-EQE) technique with a dynamic range of 10E9 (from 100% to 10E-7%). Such high sensitivity is capable to measure the photocurrent generated by excitation the defect stats in mid-gaps. This in-situ technique helps to understand the evolution of defect states under different operation conditions, and provides insight to further stabilize the materials for long-term applications.
Excitonic Properties of Materials
Electroabsorption (EA)
![图片6.png](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c36378_da5460c918c84c88acee95162c0f99cd~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_119,h_109,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%876.png)
![图片5.png](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c36378_5585c5720a5c4336b057d9d6d33b0f8a~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_918,h_501,al_c,q_90,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%875.png)
Electromodulation (EM) spectroscopy, a powerful technique to monitor the changes in polarizability p and dipole moment u of materials upon photo-excitation, can bring direct insight into the excitonic properties of materials. It is an interesting technique to reveal the excitonic effect from molecular packing, donor-acceptor interaction, particular in the charge transfer processes in light emitting and photovoltaic materials.
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